ORIGINS OF TIME

  

ORIGINS & UNITS OF TIME

This article seeks to illustrate that units and values of time also originated from the circle. The Odiambo (2024) states that:

“Our current measures might be wrong or not entirely accurate as we base our measurements on objects when they should be based on a concept. For example, we define the second as the time that elapses during 9,192,631,770 or the number of cycles of the radiation produced by the transition between two levels of the cesium-133 atom (BIPM, 2020). If this is the accurate measure of time and how it should be then ancient civilizations that existed thousands of years ago had the necessary equipment and understanding to measure transitions between two cesium-133 atoms and could even get the exact value of 9192,631,770. If they could do that, then our current value and explanation of a second is right but our history would be wrong since it would mean they were more advanced than us since our measures of time greatly borrows from them and they had accurate figures. If they did not have the necessary equipment, knowledge, technology, etc. as history explains we are more advanced than them then maybe there was another that they discovered it. Another example is the speed of light. The speed of light is 299 792 458 m/s or 186,000 miles/sec. Well, the coordinate of the height Great Pyramid in decimal values is also 29.9792458°N or the speed of light! So it is either our history or metrology that is wrong!  Furthermore, if ancient civilizations knew about speed and time, then it is possible that they could also be able to calculate other measurements using the same method if there was another method of doing it”

Well, as you are now familiar with the basis of the Gregorian Universal System & Units of Measurements Systems (GUSUMS) you can expect that GUSUMS can show exactly how they did by deriving the concepts and units of time from the Circle & Sacred Geometry. I have explained on the origins of metrology by explaining how ancient civilizations were able to draw the circle, and other sacred geometrical shapes such as the seed, fruit, and tree of life. In addition, I provided evidence of this dating thousands of years ago. Now, I'm going to illustrate how they derived the units of time, how we copied them, and why the idea of a second being associated with the transition of Cesium-133 atoms is just a myth or our attempt at justifying something that we do not understand.

DERIVING UNITS OF TIME FROM THE CIRCLE

The above image from the explanation of the origin of metrology explained how ancient civilizations were able to draw the circle. As earlier explained, they only needed to tie two sticks together using a rope-like object, then stick the first stick on the ground, stretch the second rope, and then move around the stick on the ground to draw a perfect circle. Now if you move to any point along the drawn circle and repeat the same process, can divide the circle as follows. I have marked the points to just provide an illustration of the points in which the subsequent points will meet. Thus, even without the points, you will still end up with the same divisions

1.      Initial circle

The First Movement

The Second Movement

The Third Movement

The Fourth Movement

The Fifth Movement

The 6th Movement

The above illustration shows that by drawing subsequent circles, it was possible to divide the circle into 6 equal parts with a margin of error of zero.  This is the seed of life. However, it is still incomplete, to complete it, one needs to go to the points where the out circles intersect and draw additional 6 circles as follows;

Note that the first circle has 6 leaf-like shapes along its circumference. The next circle then can be formed appears as follows;

The above circle has 12 leaf-like shapes and the circle that follows has 18 leaf-like shapes around its circumference as shown below;

As we can expect, the shape after the above has 24 leaf-like shapes, followed by 30-leaf-like shapes, then 36, 42, 48, etc.

Explanation

Based on the above illustrations, the first divisions of the circle are based on multiples of 6. Since time events represent units of time covered between events, then the circle can represent units of time. For example, if the first circle was a day, then it was possible to first divide the units of time in a day by 6, then by 12, then by 18, then by 24, and so forth. This explains why the base number of times is 6. For example;

·         6+6 is 12 which is the number of hours during the day time.

·         6+6+6+6 is 24 which is the number of hours in a day.

·         Continuing with the same pattern, 6 * 10 is 60 which is the number of seconds in a minute or the number of minutes in an hour.

If we were to divide and continue with the same pattern, at some point we would get to 6*6*100 which is equal to the number of seconds in an hour. From this, we can conclude that units of time were based on multiples of 6 as follows;

BASE NUMBER OF TIME	MULTIPLIERS
1	1
6	0.166666667
36	0.027777778
216	0.00462963
1296	0.000771605
7776	0.000128601
46656	2.14335E-05
279936	3.57225E-06
1679616	5.95374E-07
10077696	9.9229E-08
60466176	1.65382E-08

 With further advancements and an understanding of mathematics, we could subdivide the units of time using other numbers as shown below.

ORIGINAL UNITS	BASE2	BASE3	BASE4	BASE5	BASE6	BASE7	BASE8	BASE9	BASE10
1	0.5	0.333333	0.25	0.2	0.166667	0.142857	0.125	0.111111	0.1
6	3	2	1.5	1.2	1	0.857143	0.75	0.666667	0.6
36	18	12	9	7.2	6	5.142857	4.5	4	3.6
216	108	72	54	43.2	36	30.85714	27	24	21.6
1296	648	432	324	259.2	216	185.1429	162	144	129.6
7776	3888	2592	1944	1555.2	1296	1110.857	972	864	777.6
46656	23328	15552	11664	9331.2	7776	6665.143	5832	5184	4665.6
279936	139968	93312	69984	55987.2	46656	39990.86	34992	31104	27993.6
1679616	839808	559872	419904	335923.2	279936	239945.1	209952	186624	167961.6
10077696	5038848	3359232	2519424	2015539	1679616	1439671	1259712	1119744	1007770
60466176	30233088	20155392	15116544	12093235	10077696	8638025	7558272	6718464	6046618
362797056	1.81E+08	1.21E+08	90699264	72559411	60466176	51828151	45349632	40310784	36279706

 

The Cesium-133 Lie

As earlier stated, we define a second as the time that elapses during 9,192,631,770 or the number of cycles of the radiation produced by the transition between two levels of the cesium-133 atom (BIPM, 2020). However, this is a lie as the second has got nothing to do with the cesium-133 atom. What we did is that we just copied the values from the divisions of the circle but since we could not explain where we got them, we just looked for something to justify the values. I explained this by stating in Odhiambo (2024) that;

“Our metrology and its systems are wrong as we are trying to explain concepts that we have never attempted to understand. This is because our current metrology is based on trying to justify values instead of trying to understand them. For example, if the speed of light was 9, then our current approach requires someone to prove that 3 squared is 9, or that 90 divided by 10 is nine, or that 4 plus 5 is 9! This means we are not trying to ascertain these values but we are just trying to justify their correctness or why they exist”.

 

For example, we literally copy-pasted our units of time from the Egyptian solar calendar and then made up concepts to justify it. If I were to extract the content of base nine and convert them to the exact values I would get the following units of time in a day.

ORIGINAL DIVISIONS	DIVIDED BY 9	TO UNITS OF TIME	INTERPRETATION
1	0.111111111	=
6	0.666666667	=
36	4	4	SEASONS IN AYEAR
216	24	24	HOURS IN DAY
1296	144	1440	MINUTES IN A DAY
7776	864	86400	SECONDS IN A DAY
46656	5184	518400	MINUTES IN EGYPTIAN YEAR
279936	31104	3110400	SECONDS IN THE EGYPTIAN YEAR
1679616	186624	=
10077696	1119744	=
60466176	6718464	=
362797056	40310784	=
2176782336	241864704

 

With advancements in mathematics, the Egyptians were able to convert the units of time by dividing them by other base numbers. For example, the Egyptian solar calendar had 360 days. Assuming that 60 seconds is equal to 1 minute, 60 minutes is equal to 1 hour, and 24 hours is equal to a day, then an Egyptian year had 3110400 seconds and 518400 minutes. We literally copy-pasted this as our day has 24 hours, 1440 minutes, and 86400 hours.  The only difference is in units of time past the day as we differ on the number of days in a week, month, year, and season. However, these values are still off by about 20 seconds each day and about 0.083333 days each year. This is because we borrowed the values without trying to improve on them or ascertain their accuracy.  So, we are clueless on why we base our values on base number 9 and we have patched this cluelessness by introducing concepts such as Cecium-133 or leap years.  

The goal of any civilization is to improve on the efforts and gains made by the previous civilizations and not conform to popular beliefs. This is because, despite previous geniuses possibly being smarter than all of us combined, they lacked the current technology that we take for granted e.g. Microsoft Excel or the internet, and yet with this simple technology we can improve the current values or the original values to a much greater level of accuracy. GUSUMS has done exactly this by combining the origins of measurements and current advancements in time measurements to provide more accurate and possibly exact measures of time by utilizing the concept of linear and circular measurements.

 

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS OF TIME

Based on our current approach, we assume that measures of time are linear. However, based on the definition of linear measurements, linear measurements should be based on measurements of points in the same axis. This implies that linear measurements are based on straight lines. Circular measurements on the other hand, as described by GUSUMS are measurements of curves or circular objects. So how can units of time in a day or year be linear when they are based on the rotation or revolution of Earth? I am going to use the Egyptian solar calendar to show the difference between linear and circular measurements of time.

From my explanation of the origin of the units of length, I illustrated that linear values originated from inscribing a hexagon in a circle with a diameter of 1. Thus, the linear value of such a hexagon will be 3 while its circular circumference will pi. Based on this linear values should be based on multiple & multipliers of 3 and their factors. Thus, a linear measurement should contain values, multiples, multipliers, and factors of 3 as shown in the two tables below

 

 

DIAMETER	LINEAR BASE NUMBERS-LBN	LBN MULTIPLIERS
1	3	0.333333333
2	6	0.166666667
3	9	0.111111111
4	12	0.083333333
5	15	0.066666667
6	18	0.055555556
7	21	0.047619048
8	24	0.041666667
9	27	0.037037037
10	30	0.033333333
11	33	0.03030303
12	36	0.027777778
13	39	0.025641026
14	42	0.023809524
15	45	0.022222222
16	48	0.020833333
17	51	0.019607843
18	54	0.018518519
19	57	0.01754386
20	60	0.016666667
21	63	0.015873016
22	66	0.015151515
23	69	0.014492754
24	72	0.013888889
25	75	0.013333333
26	78	0.012820513
27	81	0.012345679
28	84	0.011904762
29	87	0.011494253
30	90	0.011111111
31	93	0.010752688
32	96	0.010416667
33	99	0.01010101
34	102	0.009803922
35	105	0.00952381
36	108	0.009259259

 

I can simplify the above table to the following;

Column1	3	6	9	12	15	18	21	24	27	30	33	36
1	0.333333	0.166667	0.111111	0.083333	0.066667	0.055556	0.047619	0.041667	0.037037	0.033333	0.030303	0.027778
2	0.666667	0.333333	0.222222	0.166667	0.133333	0.111111	0.095238	0.083333	0.074074	0.066667	0.060606	0.055556
3	1	0.5	0.333333	0.25	0.2	0.166667	0.142857	0.125	0.111111	0.1	0.090909	0.083333
4	1.333333	0.666667	0.444444	0.333333	0.266667	0.222222	0.190476	0.166667	0.148148	0.133333	0.121212	0.111111
5	1.666667	0.833333	0.555556	0.416667	0.333333	0.277778	0.238095	0.208333	0.185185	0.166667	0.151515	0.138889
6	2	1	0.666667	0.5	0.4	0.333333	0.285714	0.25	0.222222	0.2	0.181818	0.166667
7	2.333333	1.166667	0.777778	0.583333	0.466667	0.388889	0.333333	0.291667	0.259259	0.233333	0.212121	0.194444
8	2.666667	1.333333	0.888889	0.666667	0.533333	0.444444	0.380952	0.333333	0.296296	0.266667	0.242424	0.222222
9	3	1.5	1	0.75	0.6	0.5	0.428571	0.375	0.333333	0.3	0.272727	0.25
10	3.333333	1.666667	1.111111	0.833333	0.666667	0.555556	0.47619	0.416667	0.37037	0.333333	0.30303	0.277778

 

Alternatively, since linear values are based on the perfect division of the circle so as to align in the same axis, then they can also be viewed as the multiples and multipliers of the natural numbers that can divide the circle or 360. The following are examples of linear values/multiples to expect.

ROTATION MULTIPLES	ROTATION MULTIPLIERS	REVOLUTION MULTIPLES	REVOLUTION MULTIPLIERS
1	1	1	1
2	0.5	4	0.25
3	0.333333333	9	0.111111111
4	0.25	16	0.0625
5	0.2	25	0.04
6	0.166666667	36	0.027777778
8	0.125	64	0.015625
9	0.111111111	81	0.012345679
10	0.1	100	0.01
12	0.083333333	144	0.006944444
15	0.066666667	225	0.004444444
18	0.055555556	324	0.00308642
20	0.05	400	0.0025
24	0.041666667	576	0.001736111
30	0.033333333	900	0.001111111
36	0.027777778	1296	0.000771605
40	0.025	1600	0.000625
45	0.022222222	2025	0.000493827
60	0.016666667	3600	0.000277778
72	0.013888889	5184	0.000192901
90	0.011111111	8100	0.000123457
120	0.008333333	14400	6.94444E-05
180	0.005555556	32400	3.08642E-05
360	0.002777778	129600	7.71605E-06

 

Since I have already done this countless times and written about it, I will cut the chase and go straight to the point. Our calendar is a mixture of linear and circular values of time while the Egyptian solar calendar is a perfect example of a linear calendar.

 

The Egyptian Linear Calendar

A perfect example of linear measurements of time is the original Egyptian solar calendar. The original Egyptian solar calendar had 360 days, 12 months, and 3 seasons. Thus each season had 4 months. Instead of weeks, the Egyptians had decans. Each month had 3 decans and each decan was 10days. This means that since the decans represent the week each month then had 3 weeks or 30 days. Thus, the total number of weeks in a year was 36. The below table shows units of time in each of the larger time events/time periods starting from a year to a day. Please refer to the above tables to check if the multiples and multipliers of time events conform to the expected factors of linear measurements.

Multiples, Multipliers, & Values of Units of Time in an Egyptian Solar Calendar Year

TIME EVENTS	YEAR	SEASONS	MONTHS	DECANS	DAYS	HOURS	MINUTES	SECONDS
YEAR	1	0.33333333	0.08333333	0.027777778	0.002777778	0.000115741	1.92901E-06	3.21502E-08
SEASONS	3	1	0.25	0.083333333	0.008333333	0.000347222	5.78704E-06	9.64506E-08
MONTHS	12	4	1	0.333333333	0.033333333	0.001388889	2.31481E-05	3.85802E-07
DECANS	36	12	3	1	0.1	0.004166667	6.94444E-05	1.15741E-06
DAYS	360	120	30	10	1	0.041666667	0.000694444	1.15741E-05
HOURS	8640	2880	720	240	24	1	0.016666667	0.000277778
MINUTES	518400	172800	43200	14400	1440	60	1	0.016666667
SECONDS	31104000	10368000	2592000	864000	86400	3600	60	1

 

Multiples, Multipliers, & Values of Units of Time in an Egyptian Solar Calendar Season

TIME EVENTS	SEASONS	MONTHS	DECANS	DAYS	HOURS	MINUTES	SECONDS
SEASONS	1	0.25	0.08333333	0.008333333	0.000347222	5.78704E-06	9.64506E-08
MONTHS	4	1	0.33333333	0.033333333	0.001388889	2.31481E-05	3.85802E-07
DECANS	12	3	1	0.1	0.004166667	6.94444E-05	1.15741E-06
DAYS	120	30	10	1	0.041666667	0.000694444	1.15741E-05
HOURS	2880	720	240	24	1	0.016666667	0.000277778
MINUTES	172800	43200	14400	1440	60	1	0.016666667
SECONDS	10368000	2592000	864000	86400	3600	60	1

 

 

Multiples, Multipliers, & Values of Units of Time in an Egyptian Solar Calendar Month

TIME EVENTS	MONTHS	DECANS	DAYS	HOURS	MINUTES	SECONDS
MONTHS	1	0.33333333	0.03333333	0.001388889	2.31481E-05	3.85802E-07
DECANS	3	1	0.1	0.004166667	6.94444E-05	1.15741E-06
DAYS	30	10	1	0.041666667	0.000694444	1.15741E-05
HOURS	720	240	24	1	0.016666667	0.000277778
MINUTES	43200	14400	1440	60	1	0.016666667
SECONDS	2592000	864000	86400	3600	60	1

 

Multiples, Multipliers, & Values of Units of Time in an Egyptian Solar Calendar Decan

TIME EVENTS	DECANS	DAYS	HOURS	MINUTES	SECONDS
DECANS	1	0.1	0.00416667	6.94444E-05	1.15741E-06
DAYS	10	1	0.04166667	0.000694444	1.15741E-05
HOURS	240	24	1	0.016666667	0.000277778
MINUTES	14400	1440	60	1	0.016666667
SECONDS	864000	86400	3600	60	1

 

Multiples, Multipliers, & Values of Units of Time in an Egyptian Solar Calendar Day

TIME EVENTS	DAYS	HOURS	MINUTES	SECONDS
DAYS	1	0.04166667	0.00069444	1.15741E-05
HOURS	24	1	0.01666667	0.000277778
MINUTES	1440	60	1	0.016666667
SECONDS	86400	3600	60	1

 

The above time events show that the Egyptian solar calendar is a perfect linear calendar. This is because all time events are based on base numbers that can perfectly divide the circle. This implies that time was measured as linear and not circular as all values can be formed based on values resulting from joining points in a circle where two or more circles intersect. This further justifies the idea that linear values are based on the perfect division of the circle and that the base number for linear values is 3.

 

 

CIRCULAR MEASUREMENTS OF TIME

The key factors in assessing whether units of time are circular are; the GUSUMS PI rules, the GUSUMS definition of circular measurements, and the base number of circular units and linear numbers.

Ø  Definition of circular measurements: GUSUMS defines circular measurements as the measurements of curves or circular concepts or objects. This applies to time measurements as a day is based on the rotation of the earth which is a circular measurement and not linear. The same also applies to the year as it is based on the revolution of the earth or the orbit of the earth around the sun.

Ø  Base Number of circular & linear measurements: As illustrated above, the base number of linear measurements is 3 as confirmed in the original Egyptian solar calendar. From the explanation of the origin of length measurements as well as in the illustration of the origin of pi, I showed that the base number of circular units is 7. This applies to our units of time as the number of days in a week is not linear since we introduce 7 which is not a natural number that can divide the circle.

Ø  PI Rules: The pie rules can help us identify whether a unit of time is circular or linear. For example, for circular values, we expect the measures of units of time to either be whole numbers or contain values that have decimals that contain elements of 0.142857142, 0.285714285, 0.428571428, 0.571428571, 0.714285714, & 0.8571428. For example, in our current measures of time, there are 7 days in a week and 7 is a circular value. This conforms to the pi rules as the number of days in a week is a whole number while the number of weeks in a day is 1/7 or 0.14286714285714…….which also indicates a circular measurement.

Converting our Current Units of Time to Circular Units

TIME PERIOD	WEEK	DAYS	HOURS	MINUTES	SECONDS
WEEK	1	0.142857143	0.005952	9.92063E-05	1.65344E-06
DAYS	7	1	0.041667	0.000694444	1.15741E-05
HOURS	168	24	1	0.016666667	0.000277778
MINUTES	10080	1440	60	1	0.016666667
SECONDS	604800	86400	3600	60	1

 

The table above shows the units of time in a week based on our current measures of time. Thus, a week can be defined as 7 days, or 168 hours, or 10080 hours, or 604800 seconds. We can also see that a day has 24 hours, 1440 minutes, or 86400 seconds. Most importantly we can also note their multipliers and conversions.

The units of time in a week are all whole numbers. Thus, even using the current values, the number of days, hours, minutes, and seconds in a week still conform to the pi rules as they are whole numbers. However, the units of time in a day show some form of inconsistency except for the number of weeks in a day. The number of seconds in a minute, or minutes/seconds in an hour can all be linear since they are not based on any particular object as they are formed from mathematical deductions. However, when we get to the day, we introduce the concept of rotation of the earth which changes everything as the value being measured is now circular and not linear. In addition, I had also earlier illustrated that the current conversion of the original value to our current value was based on dividing the original values or divisions of the circle by 9 which is a linear value and not a circular. Thus, if a day is based on the rotation of the earth then we should be dividing the original values by 7 and not 8. If this is indeed true we would get circular values that are close to the current values.

Identifying the Units to Convert

The first step to converting the GUSUMS original units of time to our current units of time is to identify the values that should be converted based on proof of patterns. For example, we do know that the approximate number of hours in a week is 168 hours, the number of minutes in a week is 10080 minutes, and there are approximately 604800 seconds. Their respective multipliers are 0.005952 for the hours, 9.92063E-05 for the minutes, and 1.65344E-06 for the seconds. Based on proof of patterns. We can identify the units of time in a GUSUM week as shown below from the original GUSUM table.

GUSUM UNITS OF TIME	MULTIPLIERS	INTERPRETATION
1	1
6	0.166666667
36	0.027777778
216	0.00462963
1296	0.000771605
7776	0.000128601
46656	2.14335E-05
279936	3.57225E-06
1679616	5.95374E-07	HOURS
10077696	9.9229E-08	MINUTES
60466176	1.65382E-08	SECONDS

 

The above GUSUMS table shows that;

ü  Hours in a GUSUMS week: The likely value for the units of time in a week in relation to hours is likely to be 1679616 units of time (sub-units of hours).  This is because when we divide the value by 10000 we get 167.9616 hours which is close to our current value of 168 hours. In addition, its multiply which is 5.95374E-07 closely resembles our current multiplier which is 0.005952 for the hour.

ü  Minutes in a GUSUMS week: By proof of pattern, 10077696 is likely to be the number of minutes in a week as when the value is divided by 1000 results in 10077.696 which is close to our current value of 10080 minutes in a day. Their multipliers are also closely related as the multiplier of the GUSUMS units of time of 9.9229E-08 looks similar to our current multiplier of 9.92063E-05.

ü  Seconds in a GUSUMS week: The unit of time in a GUSUMS week is 60466176 which is close to our current value of the number of seconds in a week which is 604800. The current multiplier of seconds in a week is 1.65344E-06 and the GUSUMS multiplier of seconds in a week is 1.65382E-08.

Thus, based on proof of patterns, GUSUMS has been able to extract the exact units of time in a week using the circle which proves that the units of time are based on the circle.

Confirming If a Day is a Linear or Circular Measurement

The next step is to confirm whether a day is linear or circular. This requires dividing the units of time in GUSUMS week which is 167.9616 hours, 10077.696 minutes, and 604661.76 seconds by 7 to confirm whether or not a day is linear or circular. In addition, the values gotten based on dividing by base number 7 should be close to our current units as our values are not wrong but just not accurate enough. GUSUMS had hypothesized that using the original values and dividing by 7, we should get values that are either whole numbers or contain decimals containing values ending with 0.142857142, 0.285714285, 0.428571428, 0.571428571, 0.714285714, or 0.8571428. Not that since we are dealing with units of time, the decimals places can appear in the 1000^th for the second, 1000^th for the minutes, 10000^th for the minutes or in any other place depending on the units of time used. Regardless of where they appear, there should be evidence of the pi rules. The table below shows the results.

GUSUMS TIME EVENTS	GUSUMS WEEK	GUSUMS DAYS	GUSUMS HOURS	GUSUMS MINUTE	GUSUMS SECONDS
GUSUMS WEEK	1	0.14285714285714	0.00595374180765	0.00009922903013	0.00000165381717
GUSUMS DAYS	7	1.00000000000000	0.04167619265356	0.00069460321089	0.00001157672018
GUSUMS HOURS	167.9616	23.99451428571430	1.00000000000000	0.01666666666667	0.00027777777778
GUSUMS MINUTE	10077.696	1439.67085714286000	60.00000000000000	1.00000000000000	0.01666666666667
GUSUMS SECONDS	604661.76	86380.25142857140000	3600.00000000000000	60.00000000000000	1.00000000000000

 

The above table validate the GUSUMS hypothesis that a day is circular and not linear by showing evidence and improvements to our current measurements of time;

1.      Exact Conversion of Hours, Minutes, & Seconds: Without using 60 or 3600 and by just dividing the values acquired from the GUSUMS  table, the mathematical deductions showed that there are 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute, and 3600 seconds in an hour. This validates the GUSUSMS time hypothesis by confirming the exact values and conversions in seconds, minutes, and hours.

2.      Hours in a GUSUMS Day & Week: From the above table, a GUSUMS day is exactly 23.9945142857142857…. hours. The value is an improvement of the current value of 24 hours and the presence of the 0.142857142857…….shows that the value is circular and not linear. In addition, based on our current approach to time measurements, we consider a second to be 100 units of time. However, GUSUMS has been able to measure the value of hours up to 10000 units of time which has never been achieved before making the number of hours in a GUSUMS day the highest and most precise measure of time ever achieved. Thus, the sub-units of time in terms of hours in GUSUM week is 1679616 units of time (sub-units of hours).

3.      Minutes in a GUSUM Day & Week: GUSUMS has also been able to measure the units of time in terms of minutes up to 1000 units of time, another new record. Thus, a GUSUMS week has 10077696 units of time which is precise with no decimal places or need for rounding off meaning if it is indeed true the margin of error in GUSUMS value is zero. The number of minutes in a GUSUMS week is exactly 10077.696 minutes when divided by 1000 units of time. In a day, the expectation was that the number of minutes would be circular as a day is based on the rotation of the earth. GUSUMS has not disappointed as the exact number of minutes in a day is 1439.670857142857142….. The presence of 0.857142857142857…shows that the measure is circular and not linear.

4.      Seconds in a GUSUMS Day & Week: The exact units of time in a week is exactly 60466176 units of time. A GUSUMS Day has exactly 86380.25142857140000. The value has improved our current values of units of time in a day by identifying the seconds up to 1000 units of time. In addition, the exact value when measured against our current values has enhanced the accuracy of units of time by 138.24 units of time if 1 second is considered to be 100 units of time and by 1,382.4 units of time if we use 1000 units of time. I made a marginal error in the book by forgetting to include a decimal place in the values of the years. Thus, GUSUMS values improve the measure of seconds in a day by 1.3824 seconds. This is an improvement of 504.576 seconds in a 365-day calendar or a difference of 8.4096 minutes or 0.14016 hours.